19^th International Conference on Electrochemistry, Biosensors & Renewable Energy May 25-26, 2020 Rome, Italy

Analytical Electrochemistry is the application of electrochemical processes to measure the quantity of a species of interest Electroanalytical techniques are concerned with the interplay between electricity and chemistry, namely, the measurements of electrical quantities, such as current, potential, or charge and their relationship to chemical parameters. Physical Electrochemistry deals with the thermodynamics and kinetics (rates and mechanisms) of electrochemical processes. This study involves the process of electrocatalysis & electroanalysis.

Photoelectrochemistry is a natural nexus between chemistry and physics. photoelectrochemistry can be divided into three sub-processes, namely (i) the creation of electron-hole pairs by light absorption; (ii) separation/transport on the charge carriers and finally (iii) the water splitting reaction. Photo electrochemical cells are solar cells that generate electrical energy or hydrogen in a process related to electrolysis of water.

Electrochemical energy conversion is a field of energy technology concerned with electrochemical methods of energy conversion including fuel cells and photoelectrochemical. Systems for electrochemical energy storage and conversion include fuel cells, batteries, electrochemical capacitors and conductors.

Biosensor is equipment which identifies or measures a physical property, records, indicates and responds to it. Sensor is a device which provides a usable output in response to a specified measurand. Sensors include Industrial Sensors, Positional Sensors, Temperature Sensors, Optical Sensors, Humidity Sensors and Current Sensors. Sensitivity of a sensor is described as the ratio of change in output value of a sensor to the per unit change in input value that causes the output change.

Graphene  is an allotrope of carbon in the form of a single layer of atoms in a two-dimensional hexagonal lattice in which one atom forms each vertex. It is the basic structural element of other allotropes, including graphite, charcoal, carbon nanotubes and fullerenes. It can also be considered as an indefinitely large aromatic molecule, the ultimate case of the family of flat polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.

Corrosion is a natural process that converts a refined metal into a more chemically-stable form such as oxide, hydroxide, or sulfide. It is the gradual destruction of materials (usually a metal) by chemical and/or electrochemical reaction with their environment. Corrosion engineering is the field dedicated to controlling and preventing corrosion.

Energy storage is a crucial tool for enabling the effective integration of renewable energy. The battery is an essential component of almost all aircraft electrical systems. Batteries operate by converting chemical energy into electrical energy through electrochemical discharge reactions. Batteries are poised of one or more cells, each enclosing a positive electrode, negative electrode, separator, and electrolyte. Batteries are rated in terms of their nominal voltage and ampere-hour capacity. Battery types include Primary Batteries, Secondary Batteries, Lead-Acid Battery, Lithium-Ion Battery and Flow Batteries.

Corrosion is the process that results in the deterioration of the performance of a material the result of which is corrosion damage. A physicochemical interaction leading to a significant deterioration of the functional properties of either a material, or the environment with which it has interacted, or both of these. Corrosion damage to materials can be caused by a wide variety of environments. The overall corrosion process necessarily involves at least two simultaneous reactions: an oxidation (or anodic) reaction and a reduction (or cathodic reaction), which are coupled through the exchange of electrons and are therefore known as electrochemical reactions. Passivity is caused by the solid-state electrochemical oxidation of a metallic substrate, under the correct conditions of potential and pH, to a solid species that is largely stable to dissolution. The four main methods for controlling the corrosion of a material or component are: (a) materials selection, (b) environmental modification, (c) electrochemical control and (d) application of a protective coating.

Electronic materials are the sort of materials which are regularly used as core elements in a variety of device applications. These elements can be, for example, memories, displays, LEDs and could be easily seen in daily electronic gadgets such as mobile phones, computers, laptops, tablets, GPS devices, LED bulbs, TVs and monitors. Electronic properties of a material are governed by the response of electrons and other charged entities to external stimulus such as electrical potential difference and its variation, incident electromagnetic radiation, magnetic field, heat, mechanical forces etc.

Carbon nanotubes are enormus molecules of pure carbon that are long and thin and shaped like tubes, about 1-3 nanometres (1 nm = 1 billionth of a meter) in diameter, and hundreds to thousands of nanometres long. Carbon is a versatile element and can form various allotropes, including graphite, diamond, and fullerene-like structures. Thin carbon layers are considered as a prospective material for a wide range of biomedical application e.g. tissue regeneration , controlled drug delivery , surface coating for bone-related implants, increase of resistance to microbial adherence, blood interfacing implants applications or neuronal growth. Fullerenes transmit photoluminescence which could be utilized in advanced imaging technologies. Carbon nanoparticles, nanotubes and nanodiamonds, are considered as promising building blocks for the construction of novel  nanomaterial’s for emerging industrial technologies, such as molecular electronics, advanced optics or storage of hydrogen as a potential source of energy.

Renewable energy is energy that is collected from renewable resources, which are naturally replenished on a human timescale, such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves, and geothermal heat. Renewable energy often provides energy in four important areas electricity generation, air and water heating/cooling, transportation, and rural (off-grid) energy services.

Electrochemical deposition is a method by that a thin and tightly adherent desired coating of metal, oxide, or salt can be deposited onto the surface of a conductor substrate by simple electrolysis of a solution containing the desired metal ion or its chemical complex. Electroplating is often also called "electrodeposition". "Electroplating" can be considered to occur by the process of electrodeposition. It’s a action using electrical current to decrease cations of a desired material from a solution and coat that material as a thin film onto a conductive substrate surface. Electrodeposition is being exploited now to make complex 3D electrical interconnects in computer chips. Using proteins to regulate the growth of electrodeposited materials is truly a frontier area where biology meets nanotechnology. Nanofabrication is the design and manufacture of devices with dimensions measured in nanometres. One nanometre is 10 -9 meter, or a millionth of a millimetre. Nanofabrication is of significance to computer engineers by cause it discloses the door to super-high-density microprocessor s and memory chips. Electrocoating is a process by which electrically charged particles are deposited out of a water suspension to coat a conductive part. During the electrocoat method, paint is enforced to a part at a certain film thickness, which is regulated by the amount of voltage applied.

Electrochemical oxidation (EO) as electrochemical method is different by three aspects. The first is that is the most versatility process in water treatment area and covers: various industrial effluent treatment including, amongst others, distillery, agrochemical, pulp and paper, textile dyes, oilfield and metalplating wastes; hazardous effluent treatment including hospital wastes; removal of pathogens and persistent, pharmaceutical residues and biological from municipal wastewater treatment plant; removal of organic micro-pollutants such as pesticides and heavy metals such as arsenic and chromium from water. Electrochemical oxidation is complementary with most other methods: chemical or electrochemical, and is often combined with one or more of them. And finally, this procedure is the most interdisciplinary of all. It includes: material science, (micro)biology, (electro)chemistry, environmental protection, water supply systems, etc. The most usual water treatment process are electrocoagulation, electroflotation, electrochemical oxidation, electrochemical reduction and electrodeposition. Alkaline water electrolysis (AWE) is classified and influenced by four factors of anode, cathode, separator and cell structure of electrolyser.

Organometallic chemistry is the study of organometallic compounds, chemical compounds containing at least one chemical bond between a carbon atom of an organic molecule and a metal, including alkaline, alkaline earth, and transition metals, and sometimes broadened to include metalloids like boron, silicon, and tin, as well. Organometallic compounds are widely used both stoichiometrically in research and industrial chemical reactions, as well as in the role of catalysts to increase the rates of such reactions.

The methods of each electrochemical instrument are accomplished for a specific purpose they are all bound together by fundamental principles that govern the operation. Collectively known as the principles of electrochemical engineering Electrochemical engineering includes transport processes, current and potential distribution phenomena, thermodynamics, kinetics, scale-up, sensing, control, and optimization. The development, design, and operation of electrochemical processes have seen enormous advances within the last few decades with profound changes in the recent past. Electrochemical engineering and science have generated an enormous number of new process options and technologies.

The part of electrochemistry that deals with environmental issues is named environmental electrochemistry. Environmental Electrochemistry includes detection of the pollution in solid, liquid, gas and bio media (electrochemical sensors). – electrochemical remediation of wastewaters, gases and soils, – metal recycling, i.e. selective electrodeposition of metals from metal scraps, – alternative sources of energy, i.e. electrochemical production of hydrogen using renewable energy sources (wind, waves, geothermal etc.) as well as direct conversion of the energy of electrochemical reactions to electricity in fuel cells.

• Electrochemical investigation on inorganic molecules, compounds is inorganic electrochemistry. Inorganic Electrochemistry is therefore to study the effects of such electron addition/removal processes on the molecular frames. Voltammetry is the study of current as a function of applied potential. These curves I = f(E) are called voltammograms. Voltammetric techniques involve perturbing the initial zero-current condition of an electrochemical cell by imposing a change in potential to the working electrode and observing the fate of the generated current. Cyclic Voltammetry is the most popular voltammetric technique used in the field of inorganic chemistry.

Bioelectrochemistry a section of electrochemistry and biophysical chemistry with topics like cell electron-proton transport, cell membrane potentials and electrode reactions of redox enzymes. Protein electrochemistry is considered according to (i) its intrinsic redox activity as generated by prosthetic groups and/or amino acid residues as well as (ii) charge transfer or adsorption at interfaces between two immiscible solutions. Electrochemistry associates a process for the selective oxidation or reduction of organic molecules and can accomplish transformations that are quite different from those realized by chemical reagents.

Dielectric is something analogous to current flow over a capacitor arrangement at the time of  the charging process when current introduced at one plate (usually a metal) flows through the insulator to charge another plate (usually a metal). Dielectric materials have been used in numerous applications encompassing coatings on conductorse.g., cables, wires! Passive devices in circuits e.g., capacitors! Insulators in active devices e.g., gate dielectrics in transistors. Ceramic components are used in packages for semiconductor integrated circuits, as well as in automobile engines, in composites for aerospace vehicles, and in high efficiency power generation stations. Dielectrics play important roles in applications ranging from sensors, isolation for conductors in the power utility industry, to ceramic cookware. Further, in the promptly emerging area of biological systems, the dielectric constant is important because electrostatic effects are used to link structure and function of biological molecules. Dielectric materials such as ferroelectric and piezoelectric nanomaterial’s offer significant advantages for communication devices and data storage systems.